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  • Tutorial Setting for IPTABLES DEBIAN/RedHat (Linux)

    Posted on July 20th, 2010 mdin No comments

    Computer Networking is as network of  two machines or more that distributing or routing of datas using a protocol.

    IPTABLES is a tool used in linux distributions to control kernel’s netfilter’s firewall. Here is a tutorial on iptables.

    iptables firewall contains 3 tables, every table contains chains. Those chains are default. User is able to define new chains and link from default chains to those user defined chains.

    1. iptables tables
    ——————–

    iptables contains 3 tables:
    a. filter table
    b. nat table
    c. mangling table

    a. filter table
    This table is used to filter packets that pass the firewall. Its purpose is only packet filtering, and will filter packets that comes to the machine (incoming), packets that goes out (outgoing) and packets that are forwarded between network cards (filtering), in case that machine has two or more network cards.

    That table contains 3 chains: INPUT chain, OUTPUT chain and FORWARD chain.

    INPUT chain -
    used to filter incoming packets
    OUTPUT chain – used to filter outgoing packets
    FORWARD chain – used to filter forwarded packets (between network cards).

    b. nat table
    This table is used to change source of the IP.
    PREROUTING chain – used to change IP before forwarding take place
    POSTROUTING chain – used to change IP after forwarding take place
    OUTPUT chain – used to filter on outgoing

    c. mangle
    This tables is used to modify packets.


    2. Syntax of a iptables rule:

    ————————————
    iptables name_of_table name_of_chain layer3_object layer4_object jump_target

    Notes:
    - by default if name of table is not specify (with “-t nat” for example, for nat table, or “-t mangle” for mangle table), default table is used: filter table;
    - layer4_object is not mandatory;

    iptables Examples:
    iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.0.1 -j DROP       # will drop all packets that comes from IP 192.168.0.1

    3. Chain management
    —————————–
    List tables and chains:
    iptables -L                                   # will list all rules from all chains from filter table
    iptables -L -v #                            # will list all rules from all chains from filtering table, in verbose mode,
    # showing also packets and bytes that matched that rules
    iptables -L -v –line-numbers       # will show above and also rule numbers

    iptables -L INPUT                        # will show all rules from INPUT chain from filter table

    iptables -L -t nat                          # will show all rules from all chains from nat table
    iptables -t nat -L PREROUTING   # will show all rules from PREROUTING chain from nat table

    iptables -L -t mangle                   # will show all rules from all chains from mangle table

    Adding rules to chains:
    To add a rule to a chain use:
    iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.0.1 -j ACCEPT     # will allow traffic from source IP 192.168.0.1
    iptables -A INPUT -p tcp –dport 22 -j DROP      # will drop all traffic to destination port 22 (our ssh port)

    iptables -A will append rule at the end of rules list in your specified chain. if you want to insert a rule on a specific position in your chain, then you must use -I.

    iptables -I INPUT 1 -s 192.168.0.1 -j ACCEPT    # will add rule in position 1 in your INPUT chain
    iptables -I INPUT 10 -p tcp –dport 22 -j DROP   # will add a rule in position 10 of your INPUT chain.

    Rules are evaluated from first to last rule. On ACCEPT or DROP rules, if a rule is matched, it will not be evaluated to next rules.

    Note 1: if you want to block traffic that comes to your machine you must add rule on INPUT chain. If you want to block traffic to a destination IP from your machine you must add rule in OUTPUT chain. Also you must have networking knowledge and you must understand how firewall works.

    Note 2: Each chain have a default policy. Policy can be ACCEPT or DROP, by default all CHAIN have ACCEPT policy.

    Note 3: When adding a rule -j parameter (jump) can have the following values: ACCEPT, DROP, REJECT, DENY, LOG.

    Delete all rules from all chains:
    iptables -F                                 # will delete all rules from filter table
    iptables -F -t nat                       # will delete all rules from nat table
    iptables -F -t mangle                 # will delete all rules from mangle table

    Deleting a rule from a chain:
    To delete a rule from a chain you have two posibilities: to delete a rule using rule number or to delete using syntax used when rule was added:

    iptables -D INPUT 10                          # will delete rule 10 from INPUT chain
    iptables -D PREROUTING 10 -t nat     # will delete rule 10 from PREROUTING chain from nat table

    iptables -D INPUT -s 192.168.0.1 -j ACCEPT      # will delete rule that was added with iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.0.1 -j ACCEPT

    Note: On our previous example, the first rule that match that syntax will be deleted. If are many similar rules, only first will be deleted. To delete all rules that match that syntax, you must use previous command multiple times until you delete all rules.

    To delete all rules you can also use (on some old versions of linux, it will not work with -F but with –flush, because of some bugs):
    iptables –flush

    Saving / Restoring iptables rules:
    iptables-save >rules.txt
    iptables-restore <rules.txt

    (If iptables is not in your path, you can use absolute paths: /sbin/iptables-save, and /sbin/iptables-restore).
    Running iptables-save will output rules on standard output (usualy this is screen, so because of that you must use redirections).

    4. Chain policy

    As I said previously, each chain have a default policy that can be ACCEPT or DROP and by default all CHAIN have ACCEPT policy.
    To change chain policy use:

    iptables -P INPUT DROP

    Note 1: If you are logged to your machine remotely via SSH (and you are not at console) be careful when you change default policy to drop, to not lock you out. Usualy when sysadmins tests firewall remotely it is a good practice to add to your CRON service a rule that will open the firewall, and you enable that script to run every half an hour or 15 minutes, so if you will lock out of your box, after 15 minutes the firewall will be opened.

    Note 2: When you design firewall rules to allo access to your machine and block everything else, take in consideration that traffic goes both ways. If you allow traffic on INPUT chaing but your OUTPUT chain block everything, your rule will not work. Usualy is a good practice when you protect your machine to allow everything on OUTPUT ( you want to be able from your machine to do anything), and block everything on INPUT (incoming) for connections that are not initiated from your machine. If your machine run public services, like for example a web server, or a mail server then you must allow connections from outside on INPUT only on ports used by those services (for example allow incoming on port 80 – http, port 25 – smtp, port 110 – pop3 and 143 -imap, mail services.) So as a conclusion when you design your firewall, setup your default policy on INPUT to drop all packets and on OUTPUT leave it default, to allow everything. And then design your firewall.

    Note 3: If your machine is not only connected to Internet, but is also a router for your LAN clients, then you must also filter connections from LAN. It is recommended to change policy on FORWARD chain to DROP and then allow only IPs you want from LAN to be able to access Internet.

  • Situs Download Center dan free download

    Posted on July 19th, 2010 mdin No comments
  • IZArc – the best freeware winzip or winrar alternative

    Posted on July 10th, 2010 mdin No comments

    Sometimes you receive emails with zip files, rar files or any other “strange” archive files attached and you are wondering how to open them. Stop looking for solution! IZArc is the right choice. It can unzip (extract) almost any archive file types.

    If you have many documents containing confidential information or you just want to back up your files you can use IZArc to create password protected archives secured with strong AES encryption.

    :: Baca selengkapnya/Read more… »

  • Lubang Hitam, Fakta Alam yang memiliki kekuatan dan penuh rahasia

    Posted on July 7th, 2010 mdin No comments

    Harun Yahya:

    Abad ke-20 menyaksikan banyak sekali penemuan baru tentang peristiwa alam di ruang angkasa. Salah satunya, yang belum lama ditemukan, adalah Black Hole [Lubang Hitam]. Ini terbentuk ketika sebuah bintang yang telah menghabiskan seluruh bahan bakarnya ambruk hancur ke dalam dirinya sendiri, dan akhirnya berubah menjadi sebuah lubang hitam dengan kerapatan tak hingga dan volume nol serta medan magnet yang amat kuat. Kita tidak mampu melihat lubang hitam dengan teropong terkuat sekalipun, sebab tarikan gravitasi lubang hitam tersebut sedemikian kuatnya sehingga cahaya tidak mampu melepaskan diri darinya. Namun, bintang yang runtuh seperti itu dapat diketahui dari dampak yang ditimbulkannya di wilayah sekelilingnya. Di surat Al Waaqi’ah, Allah mengarahkan perhatian pada masalah ini sebagaimana berikut, dengan bersumpah atas letak bintang-bintang:

    Maka Aku bersumpah dengan tempat beredarnya bintang-bintang. Sesungguhnya sumpah itu adalah sumpah yang besar kalau kamu mengetahui. (QS. Al Waaqi’ah, 56: 75-76)

    Istilah “lubang hitam” pertama kali digunakan tahun 1969 oleh fisikawan Amerika John Wheeler. Awalnya, kita beranggapan bahwa kita dapat melihat semua bintang. Akan tetapi, belakangan diketahui bahwa ada bintang-bintang di ruang angkasa yang cahayanya tidak dapat kita lihat. Sebab, cahaya bintang-bintang yang runtuh ini lenyap. Cahaya tidak dapat meloloskan diri dari sebuah lubang hitam disebabkan lubang ini merupakan massa berkerapatan tinggi di dalam sebuah ruang yang kecil. Gravitasi raksasanya bahkan mampu menangkap partikel-partikel tercepat, seperti foton [partikel cahaya]. Misalnya, tahap akhir dari sebuah bintang biasa, yang berukuran tiga kali massa Matahari, berakhir setelah nyala apinya padam dan mengalami keruntuhannya sebagai sebuah lubang hitam bergaris tengah hanya 20 kilometer (12,5 mil)! Lubang hitam berwarna “hitam”, yang berarti tertutup dari pengamatan langsung. Namun demikian, keberadaan lubang hitam ini diketahui secara tidak langsung, melalui daya hisap raksasa gaya gravitasinya terhadap benda-benda langit lainnya. Selain gambaran tentang Hari Perhitungan, ayat di bawah ini mungkin juga merujuk pada penemuan ilmiah tentang lubang hitam ini:

    Maka apabila bintang-bintang telah dihapuskan (QS. Al Mursalaat, 77: 8)

    Selain itu, bintang-bintang bermassa besar juga menyebabkan terbentuknya lekukan-lekukan yang dapat ditemukan di ruang angkasa. Namun, lubang hitam tidak hanya menimbulkan lekukan-lekukan di ruang angkasa tapi juga membuat lubang di dalamnya. Itulah mengapa bintang-bintang runtuh ini dikenal sebagai lubang hitam. Kenyataan ini mungkin dipaparkan di dalam ayat tentang bintang-bintang, dan ini adalah satu bahasan penting lain yang menunjukkan bahwa Al Qur’an adalah firman Allah:

    Demi langit dan Ath Thaariq, tahukah kamu apakah Ath Thaariq? (yaitu) bintang yang cahayanya menembus. (QS. At Thaariq, 86: 1-3)

    ========

    INILAH.COM, Jakarta – NASA menemukan monster lubang hitam 100 kali lebih besar massa matahari. Lubang hitam ini menelan gas, debu dan bintang termasuk planet yang ada di pusat galaksi.

    Lubang hitam dari galaksi bernama NGC-1097 itu difoto menggunakan Spitzer Space Telescope di California.

    Lubang hitam merupakan wilayah di ruang angkasa di mana gaya tarik gravitasi sangat kuat menarik apapun. Planet yang ada di sekitarnya juga tidak akan selamat jika berada di dekat lubang itu.

    Pemotretan yang dilakukan NASA menunjukkan galaksi itu berbentuk spiral seperti galaksi kita Milky Way. Namun NASA menyatakan lubang hitam di galaksi bumi berada berbeda dengan NGC-1097 yang hanya terdiri dari jutaan matahari.

    “Beberapa teori menyebut lubang hitam bisa melemah dan akhirnya masuk ke fase tidur seperti lubang hitam di galaksi kita,” kata George Helou, deputy director Spitzer Science Center NASA di California Institute of Technology.

    Foto itu menunjukkan cincin di sekitar lubang hitam yang terdapat bintang baru lahir. “Cincin itu obyek menawan untuk dipelajari karena membentuk bintang dalam tingkatan tinggi,” katanya.[ito]

  • Amazing World: Lubang Runtuhan atau sinkhole terjadi dimana-mana

    Posted on July 6th, 2010 mdin No comments

    Wikipedia: Lubang runtuhan atau sinkhole adalah depresi alami atau lubang dalam topografi permukaan yang muncul akibat hilangnya lapisan tanah atau bantalan batuan,

    sinkHole

    atau keduanya yang umumnya terjadi akibat aliran air di bawah tanah. Lubang runtuhan memiliki ukuran yang bervariasi dari kurang dari satu meter sampai ratusan meter dalam diameter dan kedalamannya, dan juga tidak bergantung dari jenis lapisan tanah dan bantalan batuan di atasnya. Pembentukan lubang runtuhan ini dapat terjadi berangsur-angsur atau secara mendadak, berbeda-beda, ditemukan di berbagai tempat di dunia.

    Kejadian yang paling baru ada di Guatemala, dimana sinkhole terjadi di tengah kota dan dijalan raya. Dari gambar dibawah nampak seperti tanah itu berupa lubang ambles hilang ke bawah. Tanah jatuh ke pusat bumi.  Di dalam bumi tidak semuanya pejal atau padat ternyata ada lubang. Mungkin kita hidup diatas rongga bumi. :: Baca selengkapnya/Read more… »